Budada birta ee iskeed isu shidisa waxay ka kooban tahay qaybo nanoscale kuwaas oo, marka ay hawada soo gasho, si degdeg ah u mari oksaydhation leh ogsijiin. Dareen-celintani waxay sii deysaa kulayl, oo ay ku dhammaanayso shiddada budada birta ah marka ay gaadho barta ay gubanayso.